Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): An Overview
Causes and Risk Factors
- Sexually Transmitted Infections: Most cases of PID are caused by bacteria from STIs, especially chlamydia and gonorrhea.
- Bacterial Vaginosis: A condition characterized by an imbalance in the bacteria normally found in the vagina.
- Douching: This can push bacteria into the reproductive organs from the vagina.
- Intrauterine Device (IUD): There’s a small risk of PID in the first few weeks after insertion.
- Multiple Sexual Partners or a New Partner: Increases the risk of STIs, thereby increasing the risk of PID.
- History of PID: Previous infections can increase susceptibility.
Symptoms
- Lower Abdominal Pain: Often dull and bilateral.
- Abnormal Vaginal Discharge: Increased amount, unusual color, or odor.
- Fever and General Malaise: Feeling unwell or fatigued.
- Painful Intercourse or Urination: Due to inflammation.
- Irregular Menstrual Bleeding: Including heavy periods or spotting between cycles.
Complications
- Infertility: Damage to the fallopian tubes can prevent the egg from being fertilized.
- Ectopic Pregnancy: Occurs if a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tube.
- Chronic Pelvic Pain: Can result from long-term inflammation.
- Tubo-Ovarian Abscess: An accumulation of pus that can be life-threatening if not treated.
Diagnosis
- Physical Examination: Checking for tenderness in the pelvic area.
- STI Testing: To identify the presence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, or other infections.
- Ultrasound: Imaging to view the reproductive organs.
- Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgery to view the internal organs.
Treatment
- Antibiotics: To treat the infection. Early treatment is crucial.
- Hospitalization: In severe cases or if the diagnosis is uncertain.
- Treatment of Partners: To prevent reinfection and spread of STIs.
Prevention
- Safe Sexual Practices: Including condom use.
- Regular STI Screening: Especially if sexually active with multiple partners.
- Avoiding Douching: To maintain normal vaginal bacteria.